Reading Time: < 1 minuteIntroduction Secondary hypogonadism, characterized by deficient testosterone production due to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, affects approximately 2-5% of American males over 40, with prevalence rising amid the obesity epidemic and opioid use disorders prevalent in the U.S. This endocrine disorder manifests beyond reproductive health, influencing musculoskeletal integrity, neuropathy, and vascular function—factors critically impacting podiatric health. Foot disorders, including plantar fasciitis, peripheral neuropathy, and stress fractures, impose substantial morbidity, contributing to over 1 million emergency visits annually among U.S. males. This multicenter study, aggregating data from 12 tertiary centers across the continental United States, investigates the correlation between serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels … Continue reading →